05. 教育：不及格 Education: A Failing Grade
MY FATHER DID NOT graduate from college. He was too busy working and building his business, but he understood and appreciated the value of an education. He had great respect for people with college degrees, even though he had built a large real estate business and earned many times more than most of them. With my father’s financial assistance, his younger brother, John, earned his master’s degree in physics from Columbia and his PhD from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, one of the most prestigious universities in America. John became a noted professor at MIT and invented one of the first million-volt X-ray generators that was used to save the lives of cancer patients. During World War II, he played an important role in the development of radar. President Truman awarded him the President’s Certificate of Merit, and he was a recipient of the National Medal of Science.
我的父親沒有從大學畢業。他是工作太忙，建立他的生意，但他明白和理解的教育的價值。他對人擁有大學學歷崇高的敬意，儘管他已經建立了一個大型房地產企業，並獲得比大多數人更許多倍。與我父親的財政援助，他的弟弟，約翰，擁有哥倫比亞物理學的碩士學位和他從麻省理工學院，美國最負盛名的大學之一博士學位。約翰成為麻省理工學院一位著名教授，發明了用於挽救癌症患者的生命至上萬伏X射線發生器之一。二戰期間，他在雷達的發展發揮了重要作用。杜魯門總統授予他總統的優異證書的，他是美國國家科學獎章的獲得者。
From my father and my uncle I learned the value of work and the value of a good education. From my own experience I learned what happens when you put them together. I went to the Wharton School of Finance at the University of Pennsylvania, which is, in my opinion, the best business school in America—and arguably the hardest there is to get into.
從我的父親和我叔叔我學到工作的價值和良好的教育的價值。從我自己的經歷中我學到，當你把它們放在一起會發生什麼。我去財務沃頓商學院在賓夕法尼亞大學，這一點，在我看來，在最好的商學院美國-，可以說是最難有進入。
There is one thing I know that even the professional politicians will support—education is good. It’s the easiest statement for a politician to support. But the question is, how do we make sure the best education possible is available for the most American kids?
有一件事我知道，即使是職業政客會支持教育是好的。它是一個政治家，支持的最簡單的語句。但問題是，我們怎麼確保最好的教育是適用於大多數美國孩子嗎？
Because right now that is not the situation.
因為現在是不是這種情況。
Like so many other areas that our so-called leaders have wreaked their havoc upon, the American educational system is failing. We’re 26th in the world—26th! That’s an embarrassment. We spend more money on education, per capita, than any other nation—but 25 countries in the developed world provide a better education for their kids than we do for ours. This is simply unacceptable.
像我們所謂的領導人已經在大肆破壞他們的許多其他地區，美國的教育制度是失敗。我們在世界26月26日是！這是一個尷尬。我們花更多的錢在教育，人均比其他任何國家，但25個國家在發達世界為他們的孩子提供更好的教育比我們為我們做的。這簡直是不可接受的。
Part of the problem is the politicians! They are unable to run a national education system with a top-down, one-size-fits-all approach. Our states and local districts are doing just fine making their own decisions on how best to educate our children. Now the federal Department of Education has been dictating educational policy for too long, and that needs to stop. Common Core doesn’t work.
問題的部分原因是政治家！他們無法運行具有自上而下的，一個尺寸適合所有人的方法一個國民教育體系。我們各國和各區正在做的就好了如何最好地教育我們的孩子作出自己的決定。現在，聯邦教育署一直支配教育政策的時間過長，而且需要停止。共同核心不起作用。
I am totally against these programs and the Department of Education. It’s a disaster. We cannot continue to fail our children—the very future of this nation.
我完全反對這些計劃和教育部。這是一個災難。我們不能繼續失敗，這個國家的我們的孩子 - 的未來。
I went to a military school, New York Military Academy. It was a tough, tough place. There were ex-drill sergeants all over the place. and these people liked to scream and, above all, they liked to fight! Our instructors were demanding about everything from academics to personal hygiene. I learned American history and I learned how to neatly fold my clothing so it could be stacked. That might not be a skill that has had much application in my life, but it was part of teaching my fellow cadets and me discipline, focus, and self-reliance.
我去一所軍事學校，紐約軍事學院。這是一個艱難的，艱難的地方。有前鑽警長所有的地方。而這些人喜歡尖叫，首先，他們喜歡打！我們的教師都要求得到有關一切從學者個人衛生。我學到了美國歷史，我學會了如何折疊整齊我的衣服，以便它可以進行堆疊。這也許不是，在我的生活中已經有很多應用技能，但它是教我的同胞學員和我的紀律，專注和自力更生的一部分。
The main rule was pretty simple: Do it right or do it again. One of my roommates from school told a reporter recently, “The school taught you how to be a leader. It taught you, ‘show me a sore loser, and I’ll show you a loser.’ . . . Honesty and straightforwardness were the rule of law. It got ingrained in us that you don’t lie, cheat, or steal, or tolerate those who do.”
主要規則是非常簡單：做正確或做一遍。一位來自學校我的室友告訴記者最近，“學校教你如何成為一個領導者。它教會了你'告訴我一個輸不起的人，我會告訴你一個失敗者。“ 。 。 。誠實和坦率是法治。它在美國變得根深蒂固，你不撒謊，欺騙，或竊取，或容忍那些誰做的。“
This may be why I never became a politician (until now)!
這可能就是為什麼我從來沒有成為一個政客（到現在）！
Winning.
獲獎。
Succeeding.
成功。
We’ve dumbed down the curriculum to the lowest common denominator; in many schools, we’ve eliminated grading entirely and diplomas have been practically devalued into certificates of attendance.
我們已經簡單化的課程，以最低的共同標準;在許多學校，我們已經完全消除分級和文憑實際上已貶值到出席證書。
Our schools, our teachers, and our kids are capable of more. A lot more.
我們的學校，我們的老師，我們的孩子能夠多。多很多。
The problem is we’re taking the easy way out. Instead of creating high standards and demanding more, we’re expecting less. We have to get tougher. Forget that self-esteem stuff; we need to start challenging kids. We need to allow them to fail when they don’t work hard.
問題是，我們正在採取討巧。而不是創建高標準，高要求更多，我們期待少。我們必須變得更加強硬。忘記了自尊的東西;我們需要開始有挑戰性的孩子。我們需要讓他們時，他們不努力失敗。
Anyone who has succeeded in business has survived a lot of failure—but they were tough enough to get back up and try again and again. Kids need to learn that success requires persistence. Self-esteem should come from overcoming challenges and surviving the hard knocks of trying to be better.
任何人誰成功的商業已經存活了不少失敗，但他們足夠堅韌重新站起來，並嘗試一遍又一遍。孩子們需要知道成功需要堅持。自尊應該來自於克服的挑戰和生存的努力成為更好的艱苦的磨練。
Yet today, some teachers and school administrators are more concerned about hurting their students’ feelings or about hearing complaints from parents that they’re being too tough. Instead of becoming more competitive, we’re actually eliminating competition. That’s incredible—and wrong.
然而今天，一些教師和學校管理者更關心的是傷害學生的感情還是聽到父母說他們太強硬的投訴。取而代之的競爭日趨激烈，我們實際上消除競爭。這是令人難以置信的和錯誤的。
Competition makes you stronger, it forces you to work harder, to do more. Corporations that can’t compete with other companies go out of business, no matter how nice they are or how good they feel about themselves. Small businesses have the same challenge. The owners have to work hard and compete for their survival or they won’t make it.
大賽讓你更加堅強，它迫使你更加努力地工作，做多。不能與其他公司競爭的企業走出去的企業，不管他們是多麼好的或如何好，他們的自我感覺。小企業有同樣的挑戰。業主們努力工作，爭取他們的生存，否則將無法做到這一點。
Competition is why I’m very much in favor of school choice. Let schools compete for kids. I guarantee that if you forced schools to get better or close because parents didn’t want to enroll their kids there, they would get better. Those schools that weren’t good enough to attract students would close, and that’s a good thing.
比賽就是為什麼我贊成學校的選擇是非常多。讓學校爭奪孩子。我保證，如果你強迫學校得到更好的或接近，因為父母不希望有報名參加他們的孩子，他們會變得更好。這些學校不夠好，以吸引學生將關閉，這是一件好事。
For two decades I’ve been urging politicians to open the schoolhouse doors and let parents decide which schools are best for their children. Professional educators look to options such as school choice, charter schools, voucher programs, magnet schools, and opportunity scholarships.
二十年來，我一直敦促政客打開門校舍，並讓父母決定哪些學校是最適合自己的孩子。專業教育工作者期待的選項，如擇校，特許學校，優惠券計劃，磁鐵學校和獎學金的機會。
Call them what you want—they all come down to the same thing: fostering competition.
叫他們你想，他們什麼都歸結為同樣的事情：促進競爭。
Those people who are against offering parents choices claim that doing so would be the end of good public schools. Better charter or magnet schools would drain the top kids out of that system, or hurt the morale of those left behind.
這些人誰反對家長提供選擇的權利，這樣做將是很好的公立學校的結束。更好的特許或磁石學校會耗盡前孩子出系統的，或傷害那些留下的士氣。
Suddenly, the excellence that comes from competition is being criticized.
突然，來自競爭優勢正在被詬病。
Let’s look at the facts. While the number of charter schools has grown substantially, they are still a small percentage of our public schools. But it looks like they are making a difference, especially in urban areas. Stanford University’s Center for Research on Education Outcomes looked at the impact charter schools have made in 41 urban areas. They report that charter school students, compared to students in public schools, learn 40 days more advanced in math, and 28 more days in reading. That is significant, no matter how you look at it.
讓我們來看看事實。雖然特許學校的數量大幅增長，他們仍然是我們的公立學校的一小部分。但它看起來像他們發揮作用，尤其是在城市地區。斯坦福大學的研究教育成果中心看了看影響特許學校已在41城市領域取得。他們報告說，特許學校的學生相比，學生在公立學校，學40天更在數學閱讀28天以上先進和。也就是說顯著，不管你如何看待它。
Look, I know that people both for and against school choice can roll out endless arguments and statistics showing charter schools are either very successful or make no difference at all. This is a legitimate debate. But anyone except a politician running for office and looking for support from the teacher unions has to realize that smaller class sizes, more individualized instruction, and stricter discipline all make a huge positive difference. Making teachers accountable is important, but we should stop measuring their performance with mindless standardized tests. We should be embracing the success stories and using them as a model for improving the others.
你看，我知道支持和反對學校選擇兩個人都可以推出無休止的爭論和統計數字顯示，特許學校要么很成功或沒有區別的。這是一個合法的爭論。但是，除了政治家競選辦公室，並從教師工會尋求支持的人必須認識到較小的班級規模，更個性化的指導和更嚴格的紀律都作出了巨大的積極影響。使教師的責任是很重要的，但我們應該停止測量他們與盲目的標準化測試中的表現。我們應該擁抱的成功案例，並利用它們作為改善為人師表。
I’m not as concerned about the kids growing up in wealthy communities, where high property taxes have allowed them to build great schools, hire the best teachers, and provide all the supplies they need. Those schools are doing fine.
我不是因為擔心孩子在富裕社區，高財產稅允許他們建立偉大的學校，聘請最好的教師成長，並提供他們所需要的一切物資。這些學校都做得很好。
在許多城市地區，不過，學校必須為每個稅收美元打，被迫讓老師和學生在自己的基本用品帶來如鉛筆和紙張。這是一個民族的悲劇。
The problem with public schools is that in many places there is no way to take an honest measurement of how they’re doing. If a charter school isn’t doing the job, it closes. That’s the type of accountability we need throughout our educational system.
與公辦學校的問題是，在很多地方就沒有辦法採取他們是如何做一個誠實的測量。如果一所特許學校是不是做的工作，它關閉。這是我們的責任需要在整個我們的教育系統的類型。
One huge obstacle is the strength of the teacher unions. Teacher unions don’t want school choice because it means a potential reduction in union-protected jobs. In New York, for example, the unions have been so powerful for so long that, more than four decades ago, Woody Allen had a scene in his movie Sleeper in which a man wakes up in the future and is told that the world he’d known had been destroyed when the president of the powerful teachers union “got hold of a nuclear warhead.” Thanks to strong contracts negotiated by the New York City teacher union, it’s become almost impossible to discipline a teacher, much less actually fire one.
一個巨大的障礙是教師工會的力量。教師工會不想擇校，因為這意味著工會保護的就業機會可能減少。在紐約，例如，工會已經如此強大了這麼久，超過四十年前，伍迪·艾倫曾在他的電影夢之一個場景，一個人在未來醒來，並告訴世界他“眾所周知ð當強大的教師工會的總統“得到了核彈頭的持有”已被摧毀多虧了紐約市教師工會談判強勁的合同，它已經成為幾乎不可能管教老師，更不用說居然火一把。
When there is a legitimate complaint against a teacher in the New York system, rather than having a quick hearing to determine the validity of the complaint, teachers are assigned to an area known as “the rubber room” while they wait for their hearing.
當在紐約的系統免受教師合法的投訴，而不是一個快速的聽證會，以確定投訴的有效性，教師被分配到被稱為“橡皮房”，而他們等待他們的聽覺的區域。
And they wait. They sit in empty classrooms or converted closets and do nothing—but they still get paid their whole salary. Some teachers spend several years waiting. No wonder they call it the rubber room—the whole concept is insane. But it’s the result of the contracts that strong unions have forced on New York and other cities. When teacher unions fight against school choice the unions are saying that their product isn’t good enough to compete in a free marketplace. Maybe they are right. And what about the good teachers? They can get stuck too and are at the mercy of the union.
他們等待。他們坐在教室空或轉化壁櫥，什麼也不做，但他們仍然得到報酬他們的全部薪水。有些教師花幾年的等待。不，他們把它叫做橡膠房間的整個概念納悶的是瘋了。但它是一個強大的工會，迫使紐約和其他城市的合同的結果。當教師工會反對擇校打工會說，他們的產品是不夠好，在自由市場競爭。也許他們是對的。並且怎麼樣的好老師？他們可以得到插得太深，並在工會的擺佈。
These unions have a nice monopoly going, so why wouldn’t they want to protect their turf? By the way, the teachers are not the only ones with troublesome unions. In New York City, the janitors don’t arrive in the morning until exactly the same time as the students. That means the boiler might not be fired up yet, or doors might not be unlocked, so students have to wait outside.
這些工會有一個很好的壟斷下去，那麼，為什麼他們不想要保護自己的地盤？順便說一句，老師們並不是唯一麻煩的工會。在紐約市，校工不要在早上到達，直到完全一樣的時間作為學生。這意味著鍋爐可能尚未解僱，或者可能車門不上鎖，因此學生們在外面等著。
To be upfront, I’m not a fan of the teacher unions, but I have great admiration and respect for teachers. Most of us can name a teacher or two who had a profound influence on our lives. But we’ve made teaching a tough profession. Good teachers love to teach. They respect and honor their profession. In too many classrooms, though, we’ve taken away their right to discipline disruptive kids, turning the teachers into babysitters as much as educators.
要前期，我不是教師工會的粉絲，但我非常欽佩和尊敬師長。我們中的大多數可以命名一個或兩個老師誰對我們的生活產生了深刻的影響。但是，我們已經取得了教一個艱難的職業。好的教師愛教。他們尊重和孝敬他們的職業。在太多的教室，雖然，我們已經採取了他們管教孩子的破壞性權，把老師變成保姆不亞於教育。
And a lot of good teachers aren’t paid enough. It’s an interesting choice we’ve made as a society. We entrust our kids to teachers for most of the daytime, where they’ll have a really big impact on how their students will grow up. But we don’t pay enough to attract the best people to the profession.
和很多優秀的教師都沒有引起足夠的。這是我們已經取得了作為一個社會，一個有趣的選擇。我們委託我們的孩子的老師大多數白天，在那裡他們將在他們的學生將如何成長起來一個非常大的影響。但是，我們不給予足夠吸引最優秀的人才到職業。
Unfortunately, teachers are not paid on merit. The standard for advancement is mostly the number of years of service—seniority. The really good and inspirational teachers burn out under the painful conditions found in too many schools. The bad teachers tend to hang around since they have nowhere else to go. Thus, the paychecks tend to be bigger for the less capable.
不幸的是，教師不支付上的優點。晉升標準主要是服務年，資歷的數量。真正的好和鼓舞人心的教師燒出太多的學校找到了痛苦的條件下。壞老師往往流連，因為他們無處可去。因此，薪水往往是更大的能力較差。
That’s exactly the opposite of what we should be doing.
這正是什麼，我們應該做的是相反的。
One way of making the profession more attractive is to put some discipline back in the school. A lot of our schools aren’t safe. Putting metal detectors at the door may prevent kids from bringing in weapons, but it still doesn’t prevent them from causing problems. We need to get a lot tougher on troublemakers. We need to stop feeling sorry for them. They are robbing other kids of time to learn.
使得行業更具吸引力的一種方法是把一些紀律回到學校。我們的很多學校是不是安全。在門口把金屬探測器可能會阻止孩子從引進武器，但它仍然無法阻止它們引起的問題。我們需要得到很多強硬的麻煩製造者。我們需要停止的感覺對不起他們。他們搶劫的時間去學習其他的孩子。
I’m not saying we should go back to the days when teachers would get physical with students, but we need to restore rules about behavior in the classroom and hire trained security officers who can help enforce those rules. The parents or guardians must be brought into the process as well.
我不是說我們應該回去的日子，當老師將獲得物理與學生，但我們需要恢復有關規則在課堂上的行為，並聘請訓練有素的保安人員誰可以幫助執行這些規則。父母或監護人必須進入的過程為好。
Most disciplinary problems among students begin in the home. All parents should ask themselves: What kind of example am I setting?
學生中最違紀問題開始在家裡。所有的父母都應該問問自己：什麼樣的榜樣我在設置？
At the same time, there is nothing more important to the future of this country than our colleges and universities. We have the best higher-education system in the world. There is a reason that young people from all over the world come here to study at our schools.
與此同時，沒有什麼這個國家比我們的學院和大學的未來更重要。我們擁有世界上最好的高等教育體系。還有一個原因是，年輕人從世界各地來到這裡，在我們學校學習。
The problem is that the cost of higher education is skyrocketing, making it so far out of reach that many potential students either can’t afford it or have to take out huge loans to pay the tuition. Instead of making it easier for more of our young people to get the education they need, we’re making it harder to access, and thus available to only the wealthier families.
問題是，高等教育的成本暴漲，使得它如此遙不可及，許多潛在的學生要么買不起，還是要拿出巨額貸款來支付學費的。相反，使它更容易為我們更多的年輕的人得到他們所需要的教育，我們正在使其難以進入，因此只提供給富裕的家庭。
My father succeeded without a college degree, but that would be much harder to do today. According to the Census Bureau, people with a bachelor’s degree earn an average of $51,000 a year. That’s $23,000 more a year than people with just high school diplomas and almost three times as much as high school dropouts.
我父親成功沒有大學文憑，但是這將是更難做到今天。根據人口普查局的人具有大學本科學歷收入每年51000 $的平均水平。這是一個每年$ 23,000以上的人只有高中文憑，幾乎三倍之多高中輟學。
When I speak at a college, the students surround me and ask me two questions: First, can I give or get them a job? And second, what can we do about their loans? They haven’t even graduated from school, they haven’t yet started working, and already they’ve mortgaged their future.
當我在大學講，同學們圍繞著我，問我兩個問題：首先，我可以給或讓他們工作呢？其次，我們能做些什麼關於他們的貸款？他們甚至還沒有從學校畢業了，他們還沒有開始工作，並且已經他們已經抵押自己的未來。
A four-year degree today can be expensive enough to create six-figure debt.
今日四年制學位可以是昂貴足以創造六位數的債務。
Getting an advanced degree or a medical education can put a young professional well over $100,000 to $200,000 in debt.
獲得高級學位或醫學教育在債務把一個年輕的專業超過$ 100,000至$ 200,000。
If the students can’t get enough scholarships or loan support, the parents have to step in, despite the risks to their own retirement funds. They may have to borrow the money, often by taking out a second mortgage if they have sufficient value in their home.
如果學生無法獲得足夠的獎學金或貸款的支持下，家長，一步，儘管風險自己的退休基金。他們可能採取了第二按揭，如果他們有在他們的家足夠的價值，以借錢，經常。
We can’t forgive these loans, but we should take steps to help them.
我們不能原諒這些貸款，但我們應該採取措施幫助他們。
The big problem is the federal government. There is no reason the federal government should profit from student loans. This only makes an already difficult problem worse. The Federal Student Loan Program turned a $41.3 billion profit in 2013.
最大的問題是聯邦政府。沒有理由，聯邦政府應該從學生貸款中獲利。這不僅使本已困難的問題變得更糟。聯邦學生貸款計劃在2013年翻了$ 41.3十億的利潤。
這些學生貸款可能是唯一的事情，政府不應該賺錢之一，但它的作用。
And do you think this has anything to do with why schools continue to raise their tuition every year? Those loans should be viewed as an investment in America’s future.
那你覺得這有什麼關係，為什麼學校每年繼續提高他們的學費？這些貸款應該被視為美國未來的一種投資。
In the end, we have no choice. We have to change the way we educate our children. We should return the basic control and responsibility for our schools to the states and local communities. They need to set standards for their teachers and students that reward competitive quality and excellence. Our communities have to make education a priority, with flexibility in the property taxes and other funding involved. And most important, the parents have to instill a spirit of discipline, focus, and passion for learning in their children because the schools can’t do it alone.
最後，我們別無選擇。我們必須改變我們教育孩子的方式。我們應該回到我們的學校給各州和當地社區的基本控制和責任。他們需要設定標準，他們的老師和學生獎勵有競爭力的品質和卓越。我們的社區必須使教育優先，隨著房產稅的靈活性和其他有關資金。而最重要的是，家長要灌輸紀律，專注和激情的精神，為他們的孩子學習，因為學校不能獨自做到這一點。
We are living in a very competitive world. If we study how the Asian countries have taken over in so many of the technology-based industries, the handwriting is on the wall.
我們生活在一個競爭非常激烈的世界。如果我們研究如何在亞洲國家已經接管了這麼多技術為基礎的產業，字跡在牆上。
The future of our country is studying in our classrooms right now.
我們國家的未來在我們的教室，現在就讀。
Making our education system work is an important step toward making America great again.
使我們的教育系統工作對使美國再次偉大的一個重要步驟。